A Journey Through Models of Sexual Response: Understanding the Complexities of Human Desire
Introduction
Human sexuality is a multifaceted and deeply ingrained aspect of our lives. Throughout history, scientists and researchers have strived to understand the complexities of sexual response. This journey has led to the development of several models that attempt to unravel the mysteries of human sexual desire and response. In this article, I will explore four prominent models of sexual response. I will also touch upon the Dual Control Model by John Bancroft. By examining these models, we aim to shed light on the various factors that influence human sexual response and how they have evolved over time.
Linear models
Masters and Johnson's 4-Stage Linear Model (EPOR)
Masters and Johnson, pioneers in the field of sexual research, introduced their 4-stage linear model in the 1960s. This model outlines the four stages of sexual response in a sequential manner: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. The model provided a structured understanding of the physiological changes that occur during sexual arousal, which was groundbreaking at the time. However, it has been criticized for oversimplifying the complexity of human sexual response, as it does not account for emotional and psychological factors.
Kaplan's Three-Stage Model (DEOR)
Kaplan's Three-Stage Model, developed by Helen Singer Kaplan in the 1970s, focuses on the physiological and psychological aspects of sexual response. The model divides the sexual response cycle into three stages: desire, excitement, and orgasm. Kaplan's theory emphasises the importance of desire as the initial step in the sexual experience. It highlights the interplay between physical and psychological factors that drive sexual desire and arousal. However, this model does not delve deeply into the complexity of individual experiences or the various factors that can influence desire.
Linear models have some limitations. In particular they are based on the assumptions of a linear and largely invariable progression of sexual response with parallel process in men and women. Newer models emphasise the variability in response from one individual or situation to another and non-linearity that may characterise normal sexual response, above all in women.
Circular models
Whipple and Brash-McGreer’s Model
Authors proposed that satisfying sexual experience are likely to have a reinforcing effect on women, making them more likely to desire sex, or conversely, to lose desire for sexual activity if their sexual experiences are unpleasant or negative. More specifically, reflection on the sexual experience as pleasurable can lead to the seduction phase of the successive sexual encounter. This model therefore acknowledged the cyclic nature of women’s sexual response, although the process of change throughout the various phases in this response cycle did not differ substantially from those in the previous linear models.
Basson Model
Dr. Rosemary Basson's presented an alternative model of women's normative sexual function that included overlapping phrases of sexual response in a variable temporal sequence. In contrast to the prior focus on spontaneous sexual desire, Basson’s circular model of women sexual response featured a responsive form of desire which was accessed once sexual arousal was experienced. Her model emphasises the role of intimacy and relational factors in female sexual desire. It focuses on the impact of contextual, emotional, and relational aspects, and how they can lead to sexual response. This model has been particularly influential in addressing female sexual dysfunction and broadening our understanding of women's sexual experiences.
Multifactor models
A range of sexual response models have been proposed that do not fall neatly into either linear or circular categories. The neurological and chemical factors that underpin sexual motivation have been the object of some research.
Lavine (1989) has developed further concepts of sexual drive with sexual desire described as the creation of biological (drive), psychological (motivation) and cultural (values) forces.
Fisher (2000) describes the emotion/motivation system whereby basic emotions are seen to arise from distinct circuits or systems of neural activity. She proposed that humans have free primary motivations circuits or brain system that direct behaviour. The first influences lust and libido involving oestrogens and androgens; romantic attraction is influenced by levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin; while the third system, involving oxytocin and vasopressin influences attachment.
Dual Control Model by Bancroft
John Bancroft's Dual Control Model is centred on the idea that sexual response is regulated by two systems: sexual excitation and sexual inhibition. Bancroft's model highlights the dynamic interplay between these systems, emphasising that different individuals have varying sensitivities to both excitation and inhibition. Questionnaires was developed and psychometrically established, SIS/SES.
The Sexual Tipping Point Model
The Sexual Tipping Point, a ground-breaking model developed by Dr. Irwin Goldstein and Dr. Michael Perelman (2011), proposes a comprehensive framework for understanding human sexual response. This model suggests that an individual's sexual experience is intricately influenced by a delicate equilibrium of various factors, including psychological, organic, psychosocial, and cultural elements. These factors can act as either excitatory or inhibitory forces, shaping an individual's overall sexual arousal and satisfaction. The model acknowledges the complex interplay between mind and body, highlighting the importance of addressing both the emotional and physical aspects of human sexuality to better comprehend and enhance the intricacies of sexual response. By recognising the multifaceted nature of sexual desire and function, the Sexual Tipping Point offers valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and individuals seeking a more holistic understanding of human sexuality.
Recent developments
It has long been argued by commentators, such as Tiefer (1994) and Leiblum, that the focus on genital response and traditional indicators to sexual desire including fantasies and the need to self-simulate ignore major components of women’s sexual satisfaction with trust, intimacy and ability to be vulnerable and receive, respect, communication, affection and pleasure from sexual touching as important factors.
The postmodern feminist perspective redefines sexuality as a multifaceted and ever-evolving phenomenon, rejecting the notion of singular, fixed models. Instead, it embraces a framework that accommodates the coexistence of diverse and often contradictory expressions of desire and experiences. This understanding recognises that sexuality is intricately woven into a web of historical and culturally contingent social practices, including religion, education, and medicine. Consequently, one's conception of and engagement with sexuality are viewed as products of, and reflective of, the broader social dynamics related to gender, identity, power, and class. This perspective emphasizes the role of discourse, critical thinking, and practical actions in reshaping and managing the complex terrain of human sexuality.
The Good-Enough Model
The Good-Enough Model, developed by Arthur Metz and Barry McCarthy (2007), is a prominent framework in the field of couples therapy and sexology. This model recognises that in intimate relationships, particularly in the context of sexual intimacy, perfection is an unrealistic and unattainable goal. Instead, it promotes the idea that relationships and sexual encounters can thrive when partners aim for a "good enough" standard. The Good-Enough Model encourages open communication, empathy, and understanding between partners, emphasising the importance of compromise and flexibility in addressing each other's needs and desires. This approach is rooted in the belief that embracing imperfections and working together to meet one another's emotional and physical needs fosters a healthier and more satisfying sexual relationship. By letting go of unattainable ideals and striving for a "good enough" connection, couples can create a more harmonious and fulfilling sexual and emotional bond.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the exploration of various models of sexual response has revealed the intricate and multifaceted nature of human desire and intimate relationships. From the pioneering linear models of Masters and Johnson and Kaplan to the cyclic understandings of Whipple and Brash-McGreer and Dr. Rosemary Basson's influential work, these frameworks have collectively shed light on the diversity and complexity of sexual experiences. Moreover, multifactor models have delved into the neurological, chemical, and psychological underpinnings of sexual motivation, offering a more comprehensive perspective. John Bancroft's Dual Control Model emphasises the dynamic interplay between sexual excitation and inhibition, showcasing individual variability. Finally, the groundbreaking Sexual Tipping Point Model by Dr. Irwin Goldstein and Dr. Michael Perelman highlights the intricate balance of psychological, organic, psychosocial, and cultural factors in shaping sexual arousal and satisfaction. Recent postmodern feminist perspectives have challenged traditional models, recognizing the importance of social and cultural context in understanding human sexuality. In this context, the Good-Enough Model by Arthur Metz and Barry McCarthy offers a practical approach to fostering healthy and fulfilling sexual relationships by emphasizing open communication, empathy, and embracing imperfections. These models collectively contribute to a richer, more inclusive understanding of human sexuality and relationships, offering valuable insights to researchers, clinicians, and individuals seeking to navigate the complexities of desire and intimacy.
Bibliography:
Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). Human Sexual Response. Little, Brown.
Kaplan, H. S. (1979). Disorders of sexual desire. Annual Review of Sex Research, 6(1), 187-222.
Whipple, B., & Brash-McGreer, K. (1987). Management of female sexual dysfunction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13(4), 239-247.
Basson, R. (2001). Using a different model for female sexual response to address women's problematic low sexual desire. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27(5), 395-403.
Lavine, A. (1989). New models of sexual response: Their importance in sex therapy. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 15(4), 234-242.
Fisher, H. E. (2000). Lust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction. Human Nature, 11(1), 23-52.
Bancroft, J. (2009). Human Sexuality and Its Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Goldstein, I., & Perelman, M. (2011). The Sexual Tipping Point. Current Sexual Health Reports, 3(3), 186-191.
Tiefer, L. (1994). A new view of women's sexual problems. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 3(2), 121-125.
Metz, A., & McCarthy, B. (2007). Coping with Erectile Dysfunction: How to Regain Confidence & Enjoy Great Sex. New Harbinger Publications.
